New Delhi: DRDO air-breathing space-based electric propulsion system has entered a new phase as the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) under its technology development fund programme.
The project aims to develop an indigenous electric propulsion system for Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) satellites.
According to DRDO’s requirements, the technology will strengthen India’s self-reliance in advanced space propulsion while reducing dependence on foreign suppliers and enabling long-duration satellite operations in challenging orbital environments.
DRDO Launches DRDO Air-Breathing Space-Based Electric Propulsion System
The Defence Research and Development Organisation has invited proposals for the development of an indigenous Air-Breathing Space-Based Electric Propulsion System.
The project is being pursued under the Technology Development Fund programme, which supports innovative defence and aerospace technologies developed by Indian industry and research organisations.
The propulsion system is specifically designed for satellites operating in Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO), a region between approximately 180 km and 230 km above Earth.
Why VLEO Satellites Need A Special Propulsion System
Very Low Earth Orbit offers several advantages for satellite missions. Satellites operating at these lower altitudes can provide higher-resolution imaging, reduced communication latency, and improved observation capabilities. However, atmospheric drag is significantly stronger in VLEO than in higher orbits. Without continuous propulsion support, satellites would quickly lose altitude and re-enter Earth’s atmosphere.
Major Technical Challenge
The proposed propulsion system must generate thrust between 12 milliNewtons and 25 milliNewtons. At the same time, it must overcome continuous atmospheric drag while maintaining orbital stability for long periods. This requirement makes propulsion efficiency one of the most critical aspects of the project.
DRDO Air-Breathing Space-Based Electric Propulsion System To Reduce Propellant Dependency
One of the most important features of the project is the use of air-breathing propulsion technology. Unlike traditional electric propulsion systems that rely entirely on stored propellant, the new system will collect and utilize atmospheric particles available in VLEO.
According to the specifications, ambient atmospheric air will be supplemented with Xenon propellant. This dual-source approach can extend mission endurance and reduce dependence on imported propellant supplies.
Hall-Effect Thruster Preferred
DRDO has indicated a preference for a Hall-effect thruster configuration. Hall-effect thrusters are widely recognized for their efficiency and reliability in electric propulsion applications. They are already used in various international satellite missions and are considered suitable for long-duration operations.
Strict Design Requirements Set By DRDO
The propulsion system must meet several demanding technical requirements.
Key Performance Targets
- Orbital operation between 180 km and 230 km altitude
- Thrust generation of 12–25 mN
- Power consumption below 1,500 watts
- Total system mass below 40 kilograms
- Operational life of at least three years
- Minimum indigenous content of 75%
These specifications are intended to ensure compatibility with compact satellite platforms and future modular spacecraft designs.
Indigenous Content Requirement Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat
A major objective of the programme is to strengthen India’s domestic space technology ecosystem. DRDO has mandated at least 75 percent indigenous content in the propulsion system. This requirement is expected to encourage Indian companies, startups, and research institutions to develop critical technologies locally.
What is the Benefits of DRDO Air-Breathing Space-Based Electric Propulsion System For Indian Industry
The programme could help create domestic supply chains for advanced space components, including:
- Cathodes
- Anodes
- High-performance ceramics
- Miniaturized thruster assemblies
- Power processing units
- Propellant storage technologies
This initiative aligns with India’s broader goal of achieving greater self-reliance in defence and space sectors.
Global Interest In Air-Breathing Space Propulsion
Air-breathing electric propulsion is considered one of the most promising technologies for future VLEO missions. Several international agencies and companies are already exploring similar concepts.
European and Japanese space organizations have conducted experimental studies, while private companies continue to investigate systems capable of extending satellite operational life.
India’s entry into this field highlights its ambition to become a major player in next-generation space propulsion technologies.
What is the Importance of DRDO Air-Breathing Space-Based Electric Propulsion System For India’s Space Programme
Successful development of the propulsion system could significantly enhance India’s space capabilities. The technology would support long-duration surveillance, communication, Earth observation, and scientific missions in VLEO.
Satellites operating in these lower orbits can deliver improved imaging quality and faster data transmission compared to higher-altitude platforms.
Future Applications of DRDO Air-Breathing Space-Based Electric Propulsion System
The technology could eventually support:
Reusable Space Platforms
Advanced propulsion systems may become a key component of future reusable spacecraft and orbital vehicles.
Ultra-Low Orbit Satellite Constellations
The system could enable large constellations of satellites operating closer to Earth for enhanced performance.
Defence And Security Missions
Long-endurance VLEO satellites could improve surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities for national security applications.
Read also: How DRDO’s New 500-Watt Laser Technology That Could Make Indian Missiles More Deadly
FAQs
Very Low Earth Orbit provides higher-resolution imaging, lower communication latency, and improved observation capabilities, making it attractive for future satellite operations.
It is an indigenous electric propulsion system being developed for Very Low Earth Orbit satellites that uses atmospheric particles along with Xenon propellant to maintain orbital stability and extend mission life.
The system must operate between 180 km and 230 km altitude, generate 12–25 mN thrust, consume less than 1,500 watts of power, weigh under 40 kg, and contain at least 75% indigenous content.
